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19http://www.businessinsider.com/european-nationalism-risk-2015-9.

20A speech made by Max Frisch on the topic of immigration at a Swiss Border patrol police station in Lucerne, first published in the Swiss newspaper Die Weltwoche on September 9, 1966.

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22羅愛玲：《存在與沖突——試論穆斯林移民對歐洲政治與社會的影響》，《世界民族》，2009年第3期。

23Susan McVie and Susan Wiltshire, "Experience of Discrimination, Social Marginalisation and Violence: A Comparative Study of Muslim and Non-Muslim Youth in Three EU Member States", European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, December 2014.

24Maykel Verkuyten and Ali Aslan Yildiz, "National (Dis) identification and Ethnic and Religious Identity: A Study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol.33, No.10, 2007, p.1446.

25Power, Jonathan, Migrant Workers in Western Europe and the United States, Pergamon, pp45-46.

26新加坡《聯(lián)合早報》，2016年5月4日。

27http://www.oushinet.com/news/europe/eu/20150115/179379.html.

28觀察者網(wǎng)：《科隆性侵案引發(fā)民眾恐慌 德國右翼勢力趁機發(fā)展壯大》，2016年1月8日，http://www.guancha.cn/europe/2016_01_08_347383_1.shtml。

29劉力達：《驅逐羅姆女孩：法國政治的右轉與歐盟干預效力的弱化》，《中國民族報》，2013年11月8日。Reinhard Heinisch, "Success in Opposition-failure in Government: Explaining the Performance of Right-wing Populist Parties in Public Office", West European Politics, Vol.126, No.3, 2003, pp.103-109。

Study on the Trend of European Political and Social Polarization under Multiple Crises

Shi Zhiqin

Abstract: In recent years, the Brexit, the Italian Constitutional referendum and the rise of many populist political parties have resulted in increased uncertainty in Europe. These events sparked heated discussions among scholars on European social contradictions, political and social polarization, and immigration policies. In the context of the weak economic recovery and the influx of Muslim refugees, European political and social crises are superimposed and crises are intertwined, people are increasingly dissatisfied with the government and the ruling mainstream parties, so that the extremist forces have taken advantage of this to emerge and try to attract people's attention and even get their support by showing a radical leftist and extreme rightist stance, causing the polarization of the left and right wings in the current Europe: on the one hand, the radical left-wing party and the public movement and social trends under its influence have grown; on the other hand, the rise of extreme right-wing parties and related social forces have brought more far-reaching shocks and impact to the European society; under the attack of the left and right wings, the mainstream parties seem to have lost sense of direction, uncertainty is further deepened in Europe.

Keywords: political party polarization, left wing radicalization, right wing extremism, social movement, European crisis